What is ADHD?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting approximately 9%[1] of children. ADHD involves persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning and development.
Three presentations of ADHD
- Predominantly Inattentive — difficulty sustaining attention, easily distracted, forgetful, disorganized; often called "ADD"
- Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive — fidgeting, inability to stay seated, excessive talking, difficulty waiting
- Combined — most common presentation, involving both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms
Getting a proper evaluation
ADHD diagnosis requires a comprehensive evaluation including clinical interview, behavior rating scales completed by parents and teachers, and ruling out other conditions. Pediatricians, child psychologists, and developmental pediatricians all conduct ADHD evaluations. An accurate diagnosis is essential before any treatment.
Evidence-based treatment
For children under 6, behavioral therapy is recommended before medication. For children 6 and older, the combination of behavioral therapy and medication produces better outcomes than either alone. Stimulant medications (methylphenidate and amphetamine-based) have the strongest evidence base. Behavioral parent training teaches parents effective strategies. School accommodations (IEP or 504 plans) are often beneficial.
ADHD and co-occurring conditions
More than 60% of children with ADHD have at least one co-occurring condition — including learning disabilities, anxiety, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. A comprehensive evaluation addresses these possibilities.