What is major depressive disorder?
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is more than feeling sad. It's a serious medical condition that affects how you think, feel, sleep, eat, and function. A major depressive episode involves persistent low mood or loss of interest in activities lasting at least two weeks, accompanied by other symptoms.
Symptoms of MDD
- Persistent sad, empty, or hopeless mood
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities you used to enjoy
- Significant weight changes or appetite disruption
- Insomnia or sleeping too much
- Fatigue and loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions
- Thoughts of death or suicide
Treatment options
The most effective treatment for MDD usually combines psychotherapy and medication. CBT, Behavioral Activation, and Interpersonal Therapy all have strong evidence bases for depression. SSRIs and SNRIs are the most commonly prescribed medications. For treatment-resistant depression, newer options including Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), esketamine (Spravato), and ECT are available.
Recovery is possible
With appropriate treatment, most people with MDD see significant improvement. About 80% of people with depression respond to some form of treatment. Early intervention leads to better outcomes — if you recognize these symptoms in yourself or someone you love, reaching out to a provider is the most important first step.